首先是残酷的城乡分割。对医疗，教育, 就业, 和退休实现恶性分开。
其次，城市的住房改革把本来属于"全民"的住房送给了一部分人（城里人）。
然后，信贷膨胀，房价飞涨。但你必须有房，才能站到风口啊！

储蓄利率长期压低，每年剥削一点，年复一年。
贷款市场分两块：银行和影子银行。利率有天壤之别。从银行搞到贷款，就是获得巨大的补贴。

在加上腐败。这就是说中国贫富悬殊的根源。

QE？ 中国搞了36年，还在继续。
城里人娇气，哭着喊着要加薪，"弥补通胀的损失啊"！但是，谁给农民加薪呢？

China's Perpetual QE and its many losers

Joe Zhang* SCMP, 2 February 2015,

In 1983, the People’s Bank of China had just risen from being a junior sidekick to the Ministry of Finance to an equal entity within the government. A staffer from the US Federal Reserve who visited the PBOC, where I was a graduate cadet at the time, explained why an independent monetary policy was a wonderful thing before asking why China had not made its central bank independent of the government.

With no trace of irony, my superior replied, “that would be very inconvenient!” The visitor almost laughed himself off his chair.

Last week, US President Barack Obama stressed in his State of the Union speech, inequality has become a major challenge for US society. What he did not say is that the QE (quantitative easing of the monetary policy) since 2008 has made a key contribution to the worsening of inequality. As Europe digs deeper into the QE hole, everyone pretends there is no link between QE and inequality. But sadly there is. Just look at how convenience in mainland central banking has created massive inequality.

While the term QE was invented in the United States, mainland China has proven to be the most daring in practising it. In its “annual credit plan”, the PBOC makes liberal predictions on the banking sector’s deposits and loan demand, and plugs the gap by making loans directly to each bank. It also extends additional loans as it sees fit during the year. No collateral is ever needed. For many years, the banks’ loan-to-deposit ratios far exceeded 100 per cent. For the mainland’s banks (rapidly growing from just one in 1983 to several thousand today), bargaining with the central bank has been the most lucrative game: they borrow from the central bank at 1 per cent to 2 per cent annual rates, and lend out at 6 per cent to 8 per cent.

When Western observers warn of the rapid growth of the balance sheets of the US Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank on the back of their QE actions, it is worth pointing out that the Fed’s balance sheet of about US$4.5 trillion and the ECB’s US$2.7 trillion are still far smaller than the PBOC’s US$5.5 trillion – even though the mainland has a much smaller economy.

On the mainland, a vicious cycle has lasted 36 years: rapid credit growth leads to high inflation (and expectations of higher inflation) which makes the controlled interest rate seem low (and even negative) in real terms. That, in turn, encourages borrowing, which the central bank is often too happy to accommodate. Even in 2014, the third consecutive year of “economic slowdown”, the mainland still recorded a money supply growth of more than 12 per cent.

Apart from corruption, the biggest factor behind the mainland’s inequality is asset inflation, with the root cause being its perpetual QE. New credit flows constantly into state-owned companies and well-connected private businesses. Low interest rates on deposits rip off savers on the one hand and subsidise borrowers on the other. To benefit from asset inflation (mainly in real estate), you have to have assets and, more importantly, leverage. But access to credit has been a watershed between winners and losers.

Regulated interest rates also make matters worse. Privileged borrowers pay 6 per cent to 8 per cent a year to the banks, but the vast numbers of small and medium-size businesses and consumers pay 15 per cent to 25 per cent to the shadow banking industry, if they can get credit at all.

Perpetual QE has also caused the mainland’s stock market inflation. Despite the stock index today being half the peak level seen seven years ago, the market is still the most overvalued on the planet. Most companies trade at 30 to 50 times earnings, with dodgy ones being the most expensive. Observers are misled by the average market valuation of, say, “only” 17 to 18 times earnings, but that average is distorted by the 20-plus banks which between them account for over a third of the market value and over half of the total net profit of the market. They trade at seven to nine times earnings, but as the economy slides into a new normal, one must consider their rising bad debts and their true valuation.

Since 1992, Beijing has treated the stock market as a device for credit rationing. Initially started with a stated objective of “alleviating poverty for the state sector”, the mainland’s market has been ripping off millions of ignorant retail investors.

Through strict controls over how many businesses are allowed to go public, and who they are, the government has not only played favourites but also kept the stock market valuation high. Naturally the process is fraught with corruption, as the media and the regulators have discovered.

In the wake of the global subprime crisis, Western countries have broken some policy taboos. For example, the idea of central banks buying government bonds is now acceptable. Strict independence of the central banks is no longer such a big deal. But their single-minded pursuit of QE policies and ultra-low interest rates will make inequality much worse, as the mainland has learned.

Joe Zhang is chairman of China Smartpay Group and an adviser to Haitong International Securities.